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Punctuation|English Grammar-ধারাবাহিক আলোচনা

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Punctuation একটি system যা একজন reader কে writer কিভাবে বাক্যটি সাজিয়েছেন তা সম্পর্কে ধারণা দেয়। আমরা কথা বলার সময় বিভিন্ন জায়গায় বিভিন্ন expressions এবং pause ব্যবহার করি যাতে শ্রোতা খুব সহজে আমাদের মনের ভাব বুঝতে পারে। Written language এ punctuations সেই pause এবং expressions প্রকাশ করে reader এর কাছে। Punctuations বাক্যকে reader এর কাছে সুস্পষ্ট করে।

Punctuations are the system of signs and symbols that show a reader how a sentence is organized and constructed, where to pause and where to stop, how to read and how to write a sentence. These are used to make sense and clarity in sentences.

Example:

  • I was walking through a forest Suddenly I heard a roar It was a tiger I was very afraid I was in a fix what to do I asked myself what will you do Sourav I found no answer

If we read the above passage at once, we will not understand it clearly as they are unorganized and we don’t know where to stop, where to pause and how long to pause. It makes no sense.

উপরের প্যাসাজটি পড়ে আমাদের বুঝতে ঝামেলা হবে কেননা এখানে কোন punctuation ব্যবহার করা হয় নি। যার ফলে, আমাদের কোথায় থামতে হবে এবং কোন কথাটি দ্বারা কী বুঝানো হয়েছে সেটা বুঝতে অসুবিধা হচ্ছে যদিও আমরা সব শব্দের অর্থ গুলো জানি। উপরের প্যাসেজটি সব দিক থেকেই সঠিক থাকার পরও শুধুমাত্র punctuation এর ব্যবহার না থাকায় লেখকের মনের ভাব প্রকাশে ব্যর্থ হয়েছে।

কিন্তু এখন, এই প্যাসেজটিকেই যদি আমরা সঠিক punctuation ব্যবহার করে লিখি, তাহলে এটি তার সম্পূর্ণ মনের ভাব খুব সহজেই প্রকাশ করে।

  • I was walking through a forest. Suddenly, I heard a roar. It was a tiger. I was very afraid. I was in a fix what to do. I asked myself, “What will you do Sourav?” I found no answer.

The common punctuations in English are:

  • The full-stop/the period (.)
  • The comma (,)
  • The note of exclamation (!)
  • The note of interrogation (?)
  • The semicolon (;)
  • The colon (:)
  • The quotation mark (“ “)
  • The apostrophe (‘)
  • The hyphen (-)
  • Parentheses (), brackets [], and braces {}

The uses with examples of these punctuations are discussed below:

The full-stop (.):

Period কে British English এ বলা হয় full-stop. Period/full-stop ইংরেজি ভাষার সবচেয়ে বেশি ব্যবহৃত punctuation যা বাক্যের সমাপ্তি নির্দেশ করে। প্রশ্নবোধক আর বিস্ময়সূচক বাক্য ছাড়া সকল বাক্যের শেষেই period ব্যবহার করা হয়। এটি সাধারণত abbreviation এর ক্ষেত্রেও ব্যবহার করা হয়।

The period is a small dot. It is the most common form of punctuations that used to end a sentence in the English language. It is also used for abbreviation and website addresses.

Example:

  1. His name is Kamal.
  2. The beggar was begging.
  3. He is playing with a football.

⇒ Statement জাতীয় বাক্যের শেষে।

Example:

  1. I love to travel.
  2. The show starts on Thursday.

⇒ Command জাতীয় বাক্যের শেষে।

Example:

  1. Do the work properly.
  2. Do not run in the sun.

⇒ Indirect question সম্বলিত বাক্যের শেষে।

Example:

  1. Mousumi asked me why I didn’t attend the party.
  2. He wondered why Akash was not present.

⇒ Abbreviation এর মধ্যে।

Example:

  1. S.A = United States of America
  2. /Mrs. = Mister/misses

⇒ Website address এর ক্ষেত্রে।

Example:

  1. english-bangla.com
  2. grammarbd.com

The comma (,):

Comma সাধারণত একটি sentence এর ভিতরে বিভিন্ন clause, phrase, অথবা word গুলোকে আলাদা করার জন্যে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

A comma slightly breaks the different parts of the sentence and makes the meaning of sentences clear by grouping and separating words, phrases, and clauses.

Example:

  1. Bangladesh, an over-populated country, is not rich.
  2. His uncle, who came here yesterday, is a police inspector.
  3. The man, who was running to and fro, was a thief.

Commas are used in different ways:

⇒ একটি list এর অনেকগুলো item কে আলাদা করার জন্যে comma ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  1. The colours in his drawing room are green, black, and blue.
  2. He has three dogs, two cats, and four hens.

⇒ Direct speech কে indirect speech থেকে আলাদা করার জন্যে inverted comma র পাশাপাশি সাধারণ একটি comma ও ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  1. He replied, “No need to come today”.
  2. I replied, “I’ll do the work within two days”.

⇒ দুটি Clause কে আলাদা করার জন্যে comma ব্যবহার করা হয়।  

Example:

  1. I saw her in London, where I lived for twenty years.
  2. Although he tried his level best, he could not manage the money.

⇒ দুটি adjective যখন usual order এর ব্যতিক্রম হিসেবে আসে তখন তাদেরকে comma দ্বারা আলাদা করা হয়।

Example:

  1. He has a small, red dog.
  2. He has a short, little sister.

⇒ ‘Month Day, year.’ ফরম্যাটে তারিখ লেখার ক্ষেত্রে comma ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  1. It was established on April 12, 1992.
  2. The class will start on October 19, 2017.

⇒ কাউকে নাম ধরে সরাসরি সম্মোধনের ক্ষেত্রে নামের আগে comma হয়।

Example:

  1. Thanks a lot for your hospitality, Ashraf.

⇒ Participial phrase কে মুল clause থেকে আলাদা করার জন্যে comma ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  1. Watching the news, we came to know the matter.
  2. Hearing the voice, I knew you.

⇒ Tag question কে আলাদা করতে comma ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  1. He knows the matter, doesn’t he?
  2. He did the work, didn’t he?

The note of exclamation (!):

⇒ আকস্মিক এবং আবেগকম্পিত কোন expression প্রকাশ করার জন্যে exclamatory sentence এ Note of exclamation ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  1. Hurrah! We’ve won the game.
  2. How beautiful you are!

⇒ কাউকে Warn (সতর্ক) করার ক্ষেত্রেও exclamation mark ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Example:

⇒ While walking through a forest, a father suddenly told his daughter, “Watch out!”

Here, the sign note of exclamation tells us that the father is scared and called his daughter. Without this exclamation note, this statement is not much important.

⇒ Direct order এর ক্ষেত্রেও exclamation mark ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Example:

  • “Do not enter the room!”

If you see the above sentence and the exclamation sign on a door, it will help you to catch your attention that you must not enter the room. If you enter, it may be dangerous for you.

⇒ প্রবল অনুভূতি যেমন surprise, happiness, feelings, etc. বুঝাতে exclamation mark ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  1. Anger: “Stop your mouth!”
  2. Fear: “The snake is going to bite the child!”
  3. Happiness: “Good to see you!”
  4. Surprise: “The train is late in Japan!”

⇒ Casual writing এর ক্ষেত্রেও মাঝে মাঝে note of exclamation ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  1. She is leaving me!
  2. You are talking like a fool!

The note of interrogation (?):

The note of interrogation is used to indicate the end of the direct question in a sentence. Sometimes, it appears in the sentence.

সরাসরি প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যের শেষে note of interrogation ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  1. Where are you going?
  2. “Do you love me?” he asked me.

⇒ It can also be used in a bracket to show the unconvinced mood/situation of a writer.

Example:

  1. The train timetable purports to be accurate (?).

The semicolon (;):

The semicolon is used when we need to pause shorter than a full-stop but longer than a comma.

Comma র চেয়ে বেশি এবং full-stop এর চেয়ে কম pause এর জন্যে semicolon ব্যবহার করা হয়।

⇒ দুইটা একইরকম বাক্যকে সংযুক্ত করার জন্যে semicolon ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  1. My car is green; my brother’s is red.

⇒ Finally, similarly, also, besides, however, next, then, meanwhile, therefore, likewise, furthermore, ইত্যাদি conjunctive adverb এর আগে সাধারণত semicolon ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  1. I’ll go to the school; then I’ll watch a movie.

⇒ Location, date, name এবং descriptionএর list বানানোর ক্ষেত্রে semicolon ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

Names and descriptions:

  • My favourite persons are Nurul Islam, my English teacher; Mr. Khairul Islam, my math teacher; and Mr. Tapan Chakrabarty, my Bengali teacher.

Dates:

  • Their joining dates are June 12, 2011; April 20, 2016; and January 6, 2017.

Locations:

  • He lived in Dhaka, Bangladesh; Paris, France; and Liverpool, London.

The colon (:):

The colon introduces a word or words, a list or a quotation, and a phrase.

কোন শব্দ বা বাক্যের ব্যাখ্যা করার জন্যে colon ব্যবহার করা হয়। Colon এর পর একটি শব্দও থাকতে পারে আবার অনেকগুলো শব্দও থাকতে পারে।

Example:

  • He wants only one thing: a job.
  • He likes many foods: apples, pineapples, oranges, and broccoli.

⇒ Colon এর পরের অংশকে গুরুত্ব প্রদান করার জন্যেও colon ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  • He was fit for the job as he had experience in one field: teaching.

⇒ Salutation অথবা greeting এর পর colon ব্যবহার করা হয়।  

Example:

  • Dear mam:
  • To Whom It May Concern:

The quotation mark (“ “):

A quotation mark is used in a written language to quote the exact words or sentences which said by someone.

Quotation mark সাধারণত অন্য কারো উল্লেখিত বাণী/লেখনী কে উদ্ধৃতি হিসেবে বাক্যে নিয়ে আসার জন্যে ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  • She said, “Come in.”
  • He said, “Go to the market and bring some rice.”

⇒ Poems, short stories, chapters, articles, ইত্যাদি থেকে উদ্ধৃতি দেয়ার জন্যে quotation mark ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  • My favourite poem by Jashim Uddin is “Kabar”.
  • Have you ever heard the name of the article “How to speak English with Better Accent”?
  • “The humanity” is the third chapter of this book.

⇒ একটি শব্দের অর্থ তার প্রথাগত/পারিভাষিক অর্থ না বুঝিয়ে অন্য কিছু বুঝালে সেই শব্দকে quotation mark এর মধ্যে ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  • She was “delighted” to see you. (She was not very delighted)
  • What does the “doctor” claim? (The speaker doesn’t really think this person is a doctor)

⇒ বাক্যের ভিতরে একটি শব্দকে যদি বাক্যের অংশ হিসেবে ব্যবহার না করে আলাদা একটি শব্দ হিসেবে উল্লেখ করতে হয় তখন তাকে quotation mark দিয়ে আলাদা করা হয়।

Example:

  • Search the word “colonel” from the dictionary.
  • “Abdomen” comes from Latin.

The apostrophe (‘):

The main two uses of apostrophe are discussed below:

⇒ To show possession: মালিকানা বোঝানোর জন্যঃ

Example:

  • Cat’s house = the house of the cat
  • Akash’s car = Akash owns the car
  • Kazi’s kitchen = the owner name of the kitchen is Kazi.

⇒ যে শব্দের শেষে ‘s’ থাকে সেগুলোতে apostrophe র পরে আলাদা করে ‘s’ যোগ করতে হয় না।

Example:

  • Girls’ college
  • The boys’ legs

⇒ An apostrophe shows missing letters or numbers: বিলুপ্ত বর্ণকে চিহ্নিত করার জন্যেও apostrophe ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  • Can’t = cannot
  • Didn’t = did not
  • Haven’t = have not
  • 1970 = ‘70
  • 1992 = ‘92

The hyphen (-):

Hyphens are generally used to connect two words or to connect split words such as numbers and job titles.

Hyphen সাধারণত দুইটি word কে সংযুক্ত করার জন্যে ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  • Well-known teacher
  • Nice-looking girl
  • Co-operative

⇒ 21 থেকে 99 পর্যন্ত প্রতিটি সংখ্যার লিখিতরূপে hyphen ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  • Twenty-three
  • Seventy-nine
  • Ninety-nine

⇒ Fraction এর লিখিতরূপেও hyphen ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  • One-fifth
  • Two-sixths
  • Seven-ninths

⇒ অর্থের বিভ্রান্তি দূর করার জন্যেও hyphenব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  • A little-used car (A car that is not used often)
  • A little used-car (A used car which is small)

⇒ কিছু job titles এর ক্ষেত্রেও hyphen ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  • Vice-chancellor
  • Vice-president
  • Secretary-general

⇒ কিছু proper noun এর আগে prefix যোগ করার ক্ষেত্রে hyphen ব্যবহার করা হয়।

  • Un-American
  • Anti-Islamic
  • Anti-terrorism

⇒ Prefix ‘self’ এর পরে hyphen ব্যবহার করা হয়। (but not with selfless and selfish)

  • Self-control
  • Self-respect

⇒ Prefix ‘ex’ এর পরেও hyphen ব্যবহার করা হয়।

  • Ex-husband
  • Ex-wife

⇒ Prefix ‘non’ এর পরেও hyphen ব্যবহার করা হয়। (Not with the words ‘nonconformist’, ‘nonstop’)

  • Non-violent
  • Non-alcoholic

Parentheses (), brackets [], and braces {}:

Parentheses ():

(Parentheses is plural, and parenthesis is a singular word)

The information which the parentheses provide is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. It gives an additional, or extra, information.

কিছু অতিরিক্ত তথ্য কোন বাক্যে যোগ করার জন্যে parentheses এর সাহায্য নেয়া হয়।

Example:

  • Shahadat (the boy from Bidyakut Amar High School) helped me much to complete the homework.
  • I went to pabna (which is famous for the mental hospital) yesterday.

Brackets []:

These are used for comments, clarifications and corrections and also for extra information.

বাক্যের মধ্যে কোন ব্যক্তিগত মন্তব্য অথবা কোন নির্দিষ্ট শব্দ কাকে চিহ্নিত করে তা বোঝানোর জন্যে brackets ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example:

  • He can drive 60 [miles per hour] on the highway.
  • He [Alif] is my best friend.

Braces {}:

Braces look like curly brackets. These are not common in written Language that’s why we don’t use it in the English language. But these are very common in Mathematics and science.

ইংরেজি ভাষায় braces এর ব্যবহার শুধুমাত্র mathematics এই রয়েছে। বাক্যে এর কোন ব্যবহার নেই।  

 

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